Meat, eggs, dairy products, and risk of breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Dietary Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. 2021;40(4):196673. Gandini S, Merzenich H, Robertson C, Boyle P. Meta-analysis of studies on breast cancer risk and diet: the role of fruit and vegetable consumption and the intake of associated micronutrients. Cad Saude Publica. Although consuming fats increases BC risk [126, 127], the effect of different types of fatty acids on BC varies, with studies suggesting that saturated fatty acids are associated with increased BC risk. Dairy and Breast Cancer - Cancer Dietitian HRs after adjustment for some potential confounderswere uniformly adopted in this meta-study to facilitate the processing of relevant data from the included articles. Int Immunopharmacol. Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk among women from five ethnic groups with light to moderate intakes: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. The association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dairy intake and BC incidence. Breast Cancer Recurrence | Johns Hopkins Medicine Genistein modulates the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin in MCF-7 breast and HT-29 colon cancer cells. Consumption of dairy produce and alcohol in a case-control study of breast cancer. By increasing age, the gut exhibits declining levels of bifidobacteria with antitumor effects, which allow toxin-induced tumor growth producing bacteria to thrive, such that postmenopausal populations have lower levels of intestinal probiotics than premenopausal populations [108]. Andersen JLM, et al. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21405. 2007;18(7):77582. Your US state privacy rights, Higher frequency of dairy intake is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer: results from a case-control study in northern and eastern China. Varinska L, Gal P, Mojzisova G, Mirossay L, Mojzis J. Soy and breast cancer: focus on angiogenesis. Duan W, Li S, Meng X, Sun Y, Jia C. Smoking and survival of breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. DOI: 10.1159/000325583 Abstract Observational evidence suggests that nutritional factors contribute to a substantial proportion of cancer cases, and milk contains numerous bioactive substances that could affect risk and progression of cancer. Obesity as a risk factor for triple-negative breast cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2014;15(21):95437. 2017;67(5):37897. Breast cancer animal models and applications. According to data analysis, we found that total dairy products have a protective effect on female populations, which can reduce the incidence rate of BC, especially ER+ and PR+ BC. Schulz M, Hoffmann K, Weikert C, Nthlings U, Schulze MB, Boeing H. Identification of a dietary pattern characterized by high-fat food choices associated with increased risk of breast cancer: the European prospective investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study. Ann Nutr Metab. Fidler MM, Gupta S, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality among young adults aged 20-39 years worldwide in 2012: a population-based study. Cancer Causes Control. Of the 36 included studies, 14 were cohort studies (912,975 participants and 25,097BC cases), and 22 were case-control studies (106,257 participants and 18,543BC cases). Maternal prepregnancy overweight and obesity and the risk of preeclampsia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Despite the traditional duration of a 5-year intake, the risk of relapse remains elevated in a substantial proportion of patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103132. Cancer Res. Fermented dairy products, such as yogurt and cheese, have a superior nutritional value over non-fermented milk due to their high concentrations in beneficial bacteria, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 [106]. 2000;283(15):200812. Ben Q, Xu M, Ning X, Liu J, Hong S, Huang W, et al. 2012;51(4):45464. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 2012;35(9):183544. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that women should be well suited to consume some dairy products, especially recommending low-fat dairy products for premenopausal women and fermented dairy products for postmenopausal women, minimizing the intake of high-fat dairy products, which may help to reduce the risk of BC. Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. Seventy percent of all breast cancer subtypes are hormone receptor-positive. Certain phytonutrients, like carotenoids, have been shown to reduce the risk for breast cancer. The relationship between dairy products intake and breast cancer incidence: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Although a statistically significant difference was not reached, it is suggested that excess high-fat dairy intake may elevate BC incidence. Nutr Rev. Schwingshackl L, Schwedhelm C, Hoffmann G, Knppel S, Iqbal K, Andriolo V, et al. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Eur J Clin Nutr. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. 2014;57(5):90917. PubMed Li Y, Li S, Meng X, Gan RY, Zhang JJ, Li HB. Dairy consumption and calcium intake and risk of breast cancer in a prospective cohort: the Norwegian women and Cancer study. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.30. Nutrition and primary prevention of breast cancer: foods, nutrients and breast cancer risk. In addition, their study considered cheese and butter as the same exposure factor and yogurt as another exposure factor. 2000;20(5B):3591601. High-fat dairy products are defined as those with up to 35% fat per 100g of food. The meta-analysis comprised 36 articles with 1,019,232 participants. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.12586. Outwater JL, Nicholson A, Barnard N. Dairy products and breast cancer: the IGF-I, estrogen, and bGH hypothesis. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.10.1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12083. [43] found that BC risk was lower in those with high total consumption of dairy. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. To provide preventive strategies for BC-related dietary choices more scientifically, statistical analysis of the available research data is now urgently required to provide reliable evidence for the association between intake of dairy products and BC risk. Methods: The study cohort contains 52 795 North American women, initially free of cancer, followed for 7.9 years (29.7% were Black). Food sources of fat and sex hormone receptor status of invasive breast tumors in women of the Malmo Diet and Cancer cohort. Lima FE, et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00022-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0328-4. Risk factors and preventions of breast Cancer. This recommendation is a guide to help prevent cancer in general, not specifically breast cancerand it doesn't address recurrence. In this study, the researchers wanted to know if eating full-fat dairy products increased the risk of breast cancer recurrence (the cancer coming back), as well as the risk of dying from breast cancer. Br J Nutr. CAS https://doi.org/10.4048/jbc.2015.18.4.313. 2002;94(17):130111. Ahmadnia Z, Joukar F, Hasavari F, Roushan ZA, Khalili M. Dietary patterns and Risk of breast Cancer in women in Guilan Province. Twenty-five (726,673 participants) studies recorded data about BC risk of total dairy products on female population, with 30,334 participants newly diagnosed with BC over the follow-up time. 2015;54(1):5871. The first explanation is that high-fat dairy products directly induce BC [111]. Studies have not established the effect of cheese on breast cancer Microbiome and Breast Cancer: New Role for an Ancient Population 2010;21(11):187585. A jointly agreed data collection form was used to extract all data. Ip C, Chin SF, Scimeca JA, Pariza MW. Bonofiglio D, Giordano C, de Amicis F, Lanzino M, And S. Natural products as promising Antitumoral agents in breast Cancer: mechanisms of action and molecular targets. Breast cancer: biology, biomarkers, and treatments. Google Scholar. Longhi G, et al. Picon-Ruiz M, Morata-Tarifa C, Valle-Goffin JJ, Friedman ER, Slingerland JM. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 2018;27(5):57584. Overall, this meta-analysis leads to meaningful conclusions that may allow new recommendations on BC prevention in female populations. When referencing duplicated literature, the original article was included if the studies were published as an abstract and original article. In addition, the consumption of dairy products had no effect on the incidence of ER- BC (HR=1.06, p=0.42), PR- BC (HR=1.05, p=0.56) and ER/PR- BC (HR=0.96, p=0.36) BC. Breast cancer may develop in the patient's other . https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11373. Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) - Johns Hopkins Medicine https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.005. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and the incidence has continued to rise over time [].Nutrition influences cancer etiology in about 35% of cancer cases [].Preventive dietary advice often includes reducing intake of alcohol, red meat, and fat and increasing intake of fiber and vitamin D as well as phytoestrogens from various food sources. . Patients who receive hormonal therapy after surgery further reduce their risk of recurrence by half. Breast Cancer Diet: Foods to Eat, Avoid, and Healthy Tips Integr Cancer Ther. A search of relevant studies investigating the relationship between dairy products and BC published before January 2021 was carried out in PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. One study of nearly 10,000 women found that those who consume low-fat diets have a 23% lower risk for breast cancer recurrence. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Hu XJ, et al. Dairy Products and Breast Cancer Risk: What to Know - Healthline https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/89.18.1373. Low-fat dietary pattern and breast Cancer mortality in the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that inadequate control of potential risk confounders contributed to biased results. Clin Nutr. 2006;89(2):4029. Oncol Lett. 2013;137(1):30714. Ductal carcinoma in situ is . Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin d and risk of breast cancer. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dairy intake and BC incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. Vitamin D, calcium and prevention of breast cancer: a review. Effects of dietary fat, calcium, and vitamin D on growth and mammary tumorigenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene in female Sprague-Dawley rats. 2011;63(5):72233. Winters S, et al. CAS 2007;121(4):85662. CLA is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid, which are mainly from dairy products (60%) and beef products (32%) [100]. Red meat and chicken with skin (increases your cholesterol levels and promotes the growth of breast cancer cells) Alcohol (promotes the growth of breast cancer cells) Research says that some foods play a role in slowing down the growth of cancer cells or enhancing the efficacy of cancer medications. CA Cancer J Clin. The second explanation is that consuming high-fat dairy products leads to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), thus increasing the risk of cancer. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114500000581. Local Breast Cancer Recurrence. A large 2009 U.S. prospective study reported that total calcium intake was not linearly associated with total cancer incidence for women: the risk decreased up to approximately 1,300 mg of calcium per day, after which no further risk reduction was gained by consuming more calcium. Dietary fibre intake and risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Dietary fat and postmenopausal invasive breast cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and health study cohort. 2020;49(5):152637. JAMA. Van't Veer P, et al. Nutr Cancer. In order to ensure the objectivity and accuracy of the entered data, two investigators independently extracted data from each study. Recent works have shown that dairy products have both pro- and anti-carcinogenic effects. J Nutr. 1995;63(6):7859. Effects of steady low-intensity exercise on high-fat Diet stimulated breast Cancer progression via the alteration of macrophage polarization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-011-1467-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718903. Is dairy (milk) linked to a higher risk of breast cancer? There is growing evidence that lifestyle factors, including diet, body weight and physical activity, may be associated with higher BC risk. We evaluated associations between high- and low-fat dairy intake, recurrence, and mortality after breast cancer diagnosis.Methods We included 1893 women from the Life After Cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. BMC Surg. 2017;35(25):291926. 2017;50(1):33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-017-0140-9. Although the initial treatment is aimed at eliminating all cancer cells, a few may have evaded treatment and survived. 2020;11(1):3193. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16890-6. 2020;84:106535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106535. In contrast, low-fat dairy products can protect the premenopausal population and reduce the incidence rate of BC. BMJ. Dietary fat without body weight gain increases in vivo MCF-7 human breast cancer cell growth and decreases natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Alcohol Alcohol. Specific eligible criteria were formulated as follows: inclusion criteria: (1) all included studies are cohort and case-control studies limited to clinical studies only. J Dairy Sci. After feeling a lump on her . BMJ. 2011;63(1):1220. 2016;36(7):62735. Google Scholar. Curcumin inhibits invasive capabilities through epithelial mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cell lines. Soy and Breast Cancer: Is There a Connection? - Healthline Turati, F., et al., Mediterranean Diet and Breast Cancer Risk. Nutr Cancer. Anticancer Res. Article Study Suggests Full-Fat Dairy Products May Be Linked to Worse Survival Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China, The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China, Department of Nutrition, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, You can also search for this author in This diet also includes olive oil, beans, dairy, and proteins like chicken, eggs, and fish in fewer amounts. Al Sarakbi W, Salhab M, Mokbel K. dairy products and breast cancer risk: a review of the literature. Following the Cochrane Manual and study characteristics, I2 values between 0 and 30% indicated mild or insignificant heterogeneity, those between 30 and 70% indicated moderate heterogeneity, while those between 70 and 100% indicated high or significant heterogeneity [54]. First, all risk estimates of included studies used multivariate models, but potential risk factors were not adjusted in the same way between studies. Vitamin D was shown to interrupt insulin and IGF-1 and reduce carcinogenesis [97, 98]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2011.03.003. Milk and breast cancer: Is there a link? - Medical News Today Table 2 includes the detailed data. 1991;47(5):64953. Combined with the above mechanisms, it may help explain that consumption of fermented dairy products can reduce BC incidence in postmenopausal population. Ritzenthaler KL, et al. Obes Res Clin Pract. In fact, researchers have found that consuming soy foods . Shin MH, et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9615-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2020.01.004. 2011;23(5):6018. Wu Z, Gong Y, Wang C, Lin J, Zhao J. By using this website, you agree to our Bangsheng Chen. This may explain why low-fat dairy products appear to have a risk-lowering impact in the premenopausal population but have no apparent effect in the postmenopausal population. Pre- and post-diagnostic intake of whole grain and dairy products and breast cancer prognosis: the Danish Diet, Cancer and health cohort. 2017;26(9):136775. (3) All studies included available data about hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Praagman J, Franco OH, Ikram MA, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Engberink MF, van Rooij FJA, et al. 2014;37(1):5663. Insulin stimulates the elevation of free IGF-1, which can promote cell cycle progression and angiogenesis and has anti-apoptotic properties [43, 79, 99]. CAS Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. 1992;24(1):519. Diabetologia. PubMed Central Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82659-6. The bottom line. Akram M, Iqbal M, Daniyal M, Khan AU. PubMed https://doi.org/10.1159/000103274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-007-9020-x. Ann Lab Med. 2021;71(3):20949. 2016;15(1):91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0210-9. Int J Cancer. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Sun Q, Xie W, Wang Y, Chong F, Song M, Li T, et al. Third, the study grouped the abstracted data (by BC type, menopausal status, or type of dairy products) and did subgroup analyses to comprehensively screen the possibility of effects of different dairy products on different populations and different BC types. 2020;41(5):47794. Milk and the risk and progression of cancer - PubMed 2012;79(2):143-149. . Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, female BC has surpassed lung cancer as cancer with the highest incidence worldwide [5]. Diet and breast cancer: a systematic review. Potischman N, Coates RJ, Swanson CA, Carroll RJ, Daling JR, Brogan DR, et al. This meta-analysis was conducted according to the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines [53]. Dairy consumption and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. However, for the premenopausal population, the consumption of low-fat dairy products conferred a statistically significant difference in protection against BC (HR=0.94, 95%CI=0.891.00, p=0.048) with moderate heterogeneity among studies (I2=22.6%). Breast, colon and pancreatic cancer rates are increasing at concerning rates among America's young adults, a new study finds. The population, intervention/exposure, comparison, outcome, and setting (PICOS) criteria were used to describe the research question. Four studies (185,355 participants) were grouped by ER status, three studies (87,569 participants) were grouped by PR status, and five studies (184,989 participants) were grouped by hormone receptor status (included ER and PR). Int J Cancer. For instance, plant-based dietary pattern [27, 28], low-fat dietary pattern [29], Prudent dietary pattern [30], and Mediterranean diet [31] were inversely associated with BC risk. Background The effect of dairy products intake on breast cancer (BC) is highly controversial. Thirteen studies (594,111 participants) explored the effect of non-fermented dairy products on BC risk in female populations, six of which included detailed data on different menopausal conditions. BMC Cancer https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.04.009. Pala V, et al. Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S, Gordon JI. The quality of each included study was evaluated and scored using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) checklist, a tool used for quality assessment of non-randomized studies, which is composed of eight items classified into three aspects, including selection, comparability, and outcome. All authors helped to perform the research. Yu L, Liu L, Wang F, Zhou F, Xiang Y, Huang S, et al. This meta-analysis found that total dairy products could reduce BC risk in female populations, especially ER+ BC and PR+ BC. Cancer Causes Control. Non-fermented dairy products have no significant effect on BC occurrence (p>0.05). Dairy products intake and cancer mortality risk: a meta-analysis of 11 population-based cohort studies. PubMedGoogle Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.828083. Low-fat dairy products were defined as those with a fat content of 1.01.5% per 100g food and nonfat dairy products with a fat content of less than 0.5% per 100g food. Studies have shown that the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus, present in yogurt, modulates immune responses against BC in mouse models [107]. 2014;88(3):62535. PubMed Plant . 2005;14(12):2898904. Six studies compared the risk rates between premenopausal and postmenopausal populations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0146-8. 2011;127(1):2331. 1994;5(4):3917. 2005;50(6):2449. Cancer Causes Control. Breast. Diet and risk of breast cancer - PMC - National Center for de Moreno de Leblanc A, et al. High- and Low-Fat Dairy Intake, Recurrence, and Mortality After Breast However, there was a harm trend, indicating that high-fat dairy product consumption tends to increase BC risk in female populations, with moderate heterogeneity (I2=63.7%). (2) The main exposure of study was dairy products, and the outcome was BC risk. Google Scholar. The primary objective was the risk of BC and intake of dairy products were exposure variables . https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327914NC382_2. 2015;66(1):142. They also have a 17% lower risk of dying from the disease. Dairy products and the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam study. Effect of lifestyle and reproductive factors on the onset of breast cancer in female BRCA 1 and 2 mutation carriers. Shin WK, et al. Br J Nutr. Epidemiology. In an interview, the study's first author, Gary E. Fraser, Ph.D., explained, "Consuming as little as 1/4 to 1/3 cup of dairy milk per day was associated with an increased risk of breast. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2017.03.012. The relationship between dairy products intake and breast cancer https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22717. varying in phyto-oestrogens in human breast and prostate cancer cells. Kwong A, Shin VY, Ho JCW, Kang E, Nakamura S, Teo SH, et al. Zhang CX, Ho SC, Fu JH, Cheng SZ, Chen YM, Lin FY. Int J Fertil Womens Med. 1986;77(3):6336. The by-products include Heterocyclic Amines (HCAs) and Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.21.9543. The researchers reported that drinking as little as a third of a cup of milk a day appeared to increase breast cancer occurrence by about 30%. In addition, several studies have been conducted on the effects of dairy products [32], soy products [33], fruits [34], vegetables [35], dietary fiber [36], and mushrooms [37] on BC risk rates. Kaluza J, Komatsu S, Lauriola M, Harris HR, Bergkvist L, Michalsson K, et al. 2020;19:1534735420949678. 1994;364:10914. whole grains, such as brown rice, quinoa, and oats. A meta-analysis of comparison of proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction and total gastrectomy for proximal early gastric cancer. Second, most studies assessed diet using self-reported FFQs based on their plausibility and reproducibility, although a few used interviews, implying that dietary assessment inevitably produces assessment or measurement error, most likely biasing the findings. 2013;167(3):9259. O'Sullivan TA, et al. 2015;38(4):7345. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.002. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021919416101. 2013;37(3):197206. 2009;10(2):2416. Google Scholar. Cancer Res. Animal Protein and Cancer Risk - UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Health https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.17.1301. 1997;89(18):13738. Recurrent breast cancer - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic A case-control study of breast cancer among Japanese women: with special reference to family history and reproductive and dietary factors. The remaining 439 articles were scrutinized through full-text reading. 2016;4(2):1727. Laden F, Hankinson SE, Spiegelman D, Neas LM, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, et al. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0345. India Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019;122(5):58391. 2007;51(2):13945. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.13140. 2010;64(7):68591. Five Nutritious Essentials To Reduce Breast Cancer Risk 2020;14(1):2733. Buja, A., et al., Breast Cancer Primary Prevention and Diet: An Umbrella Review. However, the consumption of dairy products has no effect on premenopausal (HR=1.02, 95% CI=0.971.09, p=0.37) (I2=5.3%) and postmenopausal women (HR=1.00, 95% CI=0.971.04, p=0.83) (I2=0%). 2019;12(1). Gu L, et al. Many studies have indicated that dairy products may also impact health problems such as obesity [47], diabetes [48, 49], cancer [50], and coronary heart disease [51, 52], but whether dairy products play a protective or harmful role against BC occurrence in female population is still controversial. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160511728. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-16-1-3. Numerous studies regarding the impact of dairy products on BC risk rates remain inconsistent [38,39,40]. The NOS checklist was adopted to objectively evaluate the quality of included observational studies in this meta-study. Exclusion criteria: (1) the study had no reference value or control group. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1995;16(1):334. Endocr Rev. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. Nagini S. Breast Cancer: current molecular therapeutic targets and new players. Health Concerns About Dairy - Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine 1989;49(22):63003. The maximum scores of this checklist were nine, and scores between six and nine were identified to higher study quality. (2) The study was conducted on BC population and used mortality or recovery rate as the outcome. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01832358. Total dairy products have a protective effect on female population (hazard ratio (HR) =0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.910.99, p=0.019), especially for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) (HR=0.79, p=0.002) and progesterone receptor-positive (PR+) BC (HR=0.75, p=0.027). J Natl Cancer Inst. Breast cancer treatment depends on the stage. You may have heard that diet and lifestyle can affect the risk of breast cancer coming back, also known as recurrence. Whereas fermented dairy products can provide probiotics to supplement and balance the gut microbial community, thereby reducing cancer risk [109].
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